SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE

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SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


SECURITIES (INSIDER DEALING) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 395)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY
  hort title
  nterpretation
  pplication
  Connected with a corporation"
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  Dealing in securities"
  Take-over offer"
  Relevant information"
  II    INSIDER DEALING
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Certain persons not to be held insider dealers
  Trustees and personal representatives
  Exercise of right to subscribe for or acquire securities
  Duty of officers of corporation
  Insider dealing not void or voidable
  III   INSIDER DEALING TRIBUNAL
  Constitution of Tribunal Inquiries by Tribunal
  Inquiries into insider dealing
  Powers of Tribunal
  Further powers of Tribunal to obtain information
  Incriminating answers
  Offences
  Privileged information Report and orders of Tribunal
  Report of Tribunal following inquiry
  Orders etc. of Tribunal
  Order against officer of corporation
  Limitation on aggregate amount of penalties
  Witnesses' expenses
  Expenses of investigation and inquiry
  Form and proof of order of Tribunal
  Order of Tribunal may be registered in Court
  Offence
  IV    APPEALS
  Appeal to Court of Appeal
  Powers of the Court of Appeal on appeal
  Stay of execution on appeal
  V    MISCELLANEOUS
  Offences by corporation, etc.
  Limitation on commencement of proceedings
  Chief Justice may make rules
  44. (Omitted)
 Whole document:
  
  dule.
  rdinance to amend the law relating to insider dealing in 
securities;
  for connected purposes.
  eptember 1991] L. N. 269 of 1991
 PART I PRELIMINARY
  
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Securities (Insider Dealing)
Ordinance.
  nterpretation
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  ociate", in relation to a person entitled to exercise or control 
the
  cise of voting power in relation to a corporation, means--
  that person's spouse, reputed spouse, person co-habiting 
with that
  on as a spouse, that person's brother, sister, parent, 
step-parent,
  d (natural or adopted) or step-child;
  any corporation of which that person is a director;
  any person who is an employee or partner of that person;
  if that person is a corporation--
  any director of that corporation;
  any related corporation of that corporation; and
  ) any director or employee of any such related corporation; and
  if that person has with any other person an agreement or 
arrangement
  respect to the acquisition, holding or disposal of shares or 
other
  rests in that corporation or under which they undertake 
to act
  ther in exercising their voting power in relation to it, that 
other
  on;
  k or other document" includes--
  books of a banker;
  cheques, orders for the payment of money, bills of 
exchange, and
  issory notes in the possession or under the control of a banker;
  securities in the possession or under the control of a banker,
whether
  ay of pledge or otherwise;
  any document or record used in the ordinary course of business 
of a
  ;
  any record so used which is kept otherwise than in a legible form 
and
  apable of being reproduced in a legible form; and
  any accounts or deeds;
  mission" means the Securities and Futures Commission 
established by
  Securities and Futures Commission Ordinance (Cap. 24);
  pany" means a company as defined in section 2 (1) of the 
Companies
  nance (Cap. 32);
  troller", in relation to a corporation, means any person--
  in accordance with whose directions or instructions the 
directors of
  corporation or of another corporation of which it is a subsidiary 
are
  stomed to act; or
  who, either alone or with any associate, is entitled to exercise, 
or
  rol the exercise of, more than 33% of the voting power at 
general
  ings of the corporation or of another corporation of which it 
is a
  idiary, and references in this Ordinance to "control" 
shall be
  trued accordingly; "corporation" means any company or 
other body
  orate or an unincorporated body, incorporated or formed either
in Hong
  or elsewhere;
  
  ector" includes--
  any person occupying the position of director, by 
whatever name
  ed; and
  any person in accordance with whose directions or 
instructions the
  ctors of the corporation are accustomed to act;
  ument" includes any register, book, record, tape recording, any 
form
  omputer input or output, and any other document or similar
material
  ther produced mechanically, electrically, or manually, or by any
other
  s whatsoever);
  h Court" means the High Court of Justice;
  ding company" means a corporation which is a holding company 
within
  meaning of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  uiry" means an inquiry instituted under section 16;
  ider dealer" means a person who perpetrates any act which 
is an
  der dealing within the meaning of section 9 and also means a 
person
  is to be regarded as an insider dealer under section 16 (6);
  ider dealing" means an insider dealing within the meaning of 
section
  
  ted securities" means securities that are listed on the 
Unified
  ange at the time of any insider dealing in relation 
to those
  rities;
  icer" in relation to a corporation includes a director, 
manager or
  etary, and in relation to an unincorporated body includes every
member
  he governing body thereof; "related corporation", in relation 
to a
  oration, means--
  any corporation that is that corporation's subsidiary or 
holding
  any or a subsidiary of that corporation's holding company;
  any corporation a controller of which is also a controller of 
that
  oration; "relevant share capital" means a corporation's issued 
share
  tal of a class carrying rights to vote at general meetings 
of the
  oration;
  urities" means any shares, stocks, debentures, loan stocks, 
funds,
  s, or notes of, or issued by, any body, whether 
incorporated or
  corporated, or of any government or local government authority, 
and
  udes--
  rights, options, or interests (whether described as 
units  or
  rwise) in or in respect of any of the foregoing;
  certificates of interest or participation in, or temporary or 
interim
  ificates for, receipts for, or warrants to subscribe to or 
purchase,
  of the foregoing; or
  any instruments commonly known as securities;
  sidiary" means any corporation which is a subsidiary 
within the
  ing of section 2 of the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  bunal" has the meaning given to it in section 15;
  fied Exchange" means the stock market established under section
27 of
  Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  For the purpose of the definition of "controller", where a 
person is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of 33% or more of the 
voting
  r at general meetings of a corporation and that 
corporation is
  tled to exercise or control the exercise of any of the voting power
at
  ral meetings of another corporation ("the effective voting 
power")
  the effective voting power at general meetings of 
that other
  oration is taken as exercisable by that person.
  
  A person shall not be deemed to be a person in accordance with 
whose
  ctions or instructions the directors of a corporation are 
accustomed
  ct by reason only that the directors of the corporation act on 
advice
  n by him in a professional capacity.
  In this Ordinance securities are deemed to be listed on the 
Unified
  ange notwithstanding that dealings in such securities 
have been
  ended.
  In this Ordinance a reference to an interest in securities is 
to be
  as including an interest of any kind whatsoever in the 
securities;
  accordingly there are to be disregarded any restraints or
restrictions
  hich the exercise of any right attached to the interest 
may be
  ect.
  pplication
  Ordinance shall not have effect with respect to an insider dealing
in
  tion to the listed securities of a corporation which has taken 
place
  re the commencement of this Ordinance.
  Connected with a corporation"
  A person is connected with a corporation for the purposes of
section 9
  being an individual--
  he is a director or employee of that corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he is a substantial shareholder in the corporation or a 
related
  oration; or
  he occupies a position which may reasonably be expected to give 
him
  ss to relevant information concerning the corporation by virtue
of--
  any professional or business relationship existing between
himself (or
  employer or a corporation of which he is a director or a firm of
which
  s a partner) and that corporation, a related corporation or an
officer
  ubstantial shareholder in either of such corporations; or
  his being a director, employee or partner of a 
substantial
  eholder in the corporation or a related corporation; or
  he has access to relevant information in relation to the 
corporation
  irtue of his being connected (within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b)
  c)) with another corporation, being information which relates 
to any
  saction (actual or contemplated) involving both those
corporations or
  lving one of them and the listed securities of the other or to 
the
  that such transaction is no longer contemplated; or
  he was at any time within the 6 months preceding any 
dealing in
  tion to listed securities within the meaning of section 9 a 
person
  ected with the corporation within the meaning of paragraph (a),
(b),
  or (d).
  A corporation is a person connected with a corporation 
for the
  oses of section 9 so long as any of its directors or employees 
is a
  on connected with that other corporation within the 
meaning of
  ection (1).
  In subsection (1), "substantial shareholder" in 
relation to a
  oration means a person who has an interest in the relevant 
share
  tal of that corporation which has a nominal value equal to or 
more
  10% of the nominal value of the relevant share capital of 
that
  oration.
  
  ossession of relevant information obtained in privileged
capacity
  A public officer or a member or employee (whether such 
member or
  oyee is temporary or permanent, paid or unpaid) of any body 
referred
  n subsection (2), who in his capacity as such receives 
relevant
  rmation concerning a corporation shall be deemed to be a 
person
  ected with that corporation for the purposes of section 9.
  The bodies referred to in subsection (1) are--
  the Executive Council;
  the Legislative Council;
  the Futures Exchange Company, Stock Exchange Company or any 
clearing
  e;
  any board, commission, committee or other body appointed by 
or on
  lf of the Governor or the Governor in Council under any Ordinance;
  any body corporate established or incorporated by Ordinance; and
  any body corporate specified by the Financial Secretary by 
notice
  ished in the Gazette.
  In this section--
  aring house" means a clearing house within the meaning of section
2
  of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250) or authorized 
under
  other Ordinance to carry on business as a clearing house in
respect of
  rities;
  ures Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the 
meaning
  ection 2 (1) of the Commodities Trading Ordinance (Cap. 250);
  ck Exchange Company" means the Exchange Company within the
meaning of
  ion 2 (1) of the Stock Exchanges Unification Ordinance (Cap. 361).
  In the case of a body referred to in subsection (2) which 
has no
  ers the reference in subsection (1) to a member shall be construed 
as
  ference to a member of the governing body thereof.
  Dealing in securities"
  the purposes of this Ordinance, a person deals in securities if
  ther as principal or agent) he buys, sells, exchanges or 
subscribes
  or agrees to buy, sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities 
or
  ires or disposes of, or agrees to acquire or dispose of, the right 
to
  sell, exchange or subscribe for, any securities.
  Take-over offer"
  his Ordinance, "take-over offer for a corporation" means an offer
made
  ll the holders (or all the holders other than the person making 
the
  r and his nominees) of the shares in the corporation to acquire 
those
  es or a specified proportion of them, or to all the holders (or 
all
  holders other than the person making the offer and his nominees)
of a
  icular class of those shares to acquire the shares of that class
or a
  ified proportion of them.
  Relevant information"
  his Ordinance "relevant information" in relation to a 
corporation
  s specific information about that corporation which is not 
generally
  n to those persons who are accustomed or would be likely to deal 
in
  listed securities of that corporation but which would if 
it were
  rally known to them be likely materially to affect the price of 
those
  rities.
 PART II INSIDER DEALING
  
  hen insider dealing takes place
  Insider dealing in relation to the listed securities of a 
corporation
  s place--
  when a person connected with a corporation who is in 
possession of
  rmation which he knows is relevant information in relation to 
that
  oration deals in any listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in such listed securities knowing or 
having
  onable cause to believe that such person would deal in them;
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, deals in the listed securities of that corporation (or
in the
  ed securities of a related corporation) or counsels or 
procures
  her person to deal in those listed securities, otherwise than for 
the
  ose of such take-over;
  when relevant information in relation to a corporation is 
disclosed
  ctly or indirectly, by a person connected with that 
corporation, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows that the 
information
  elevant information in relation to the corporation and knows 
or has
  onable cause for believing that the other person will make use
of the
  rmation for the purpose of dealing, or counselling or 
procuring
  her to deal, in the listed securities of that corporation (or in 
the
  ed securities of a related corporation);
  when a person who is contemplating or has contemplated making
(whether
  or without another person) a take-over offer for a corporation 
and
  knows that the information that the offer is contemplated or 
is no
  er contemplated is relevant information in  relation 
to  that
  oration, discloses that information, directly or 
indirectly, to
  her person and the first-mentioned person knows or has 
reasonable
  e for believing that the other person will make use of the
information
  the purpose in dealing, or in counselling or procuring 
another to
  , in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation);
  when a person who has information which he knows is 
relevant
  rmation in relation to a corporation which he received 
(directly or
  rectly) from a person--
  whom he knows is connected with that corporation; and
  whom he knows or has reasonable cause to believe 
held that
  rmation by virtue of being so connected,
  s in the listed securities of that corporation (or in the 
listed
  rities of a related corporation) or counsels or procures 
another
  on to deal in those listed securities;
  when a person who has received (directly or indirectly) from a 
person
  he knows or has reasonable cause to believe is contemplating or
is no
  er contemplating a take-over offer for a corporation, 
information to
  effect and knows that such information is relevant 
information in
  tion to that corporation, deals in the listed securities 
of that
  oration (or in the listed securities of a related 
corporation) or
  sels or procures another person to deal in those listed
securities.
  
  An insider dealing in relation to the listed 
securities of a
  oration also takes place when a person who is knowingly in 
possession
  elevant information in relation to that corporation in any 
of the
  umstances described in subsection (1) --
  counsels or procures any other person to deal in the listed
securities
  hat corporation (or in the listed securities of a related
corporation)
  he knowledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that 
person
  d deal in those listed securities outside Hong Kong on any 
stock
  ange other than the Unified Exchange; or
  discloses that relevant information to any other person 
in the
  ledge or with reasonable cause to believe that, that or some 
other
  on will make use of that information for the purpose of dealing,
or of
  selling or procuring any other person to deal, in 
the listed
  rities of that corporation (or in the listed securities of a 
related
  oration) outside Hong Kong on any stock exchange other 
than the
  ied Exchange.

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关于加强对机动车超载违章管理的通知

公交管


关于加强对机动车超载违章管理的通知

[颁布单位:公交管]
[文 号:[2000]66号 ]
[颁布时间:2000年4月14日]

各省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局交通管理局、处:

  当前,公路上机动车超载违章现象突出,已成为社会关注的一个热点和交通管理
的难点。近几年来,各地公安交通管理部门为了解决超载问题,采取了许多措施,但
超载问题并未从根本得到解决,因超载引发的交通事故仍时有发生。为了预防和减少
交通事故,保护人民群众生命财产和国家、集体利益,公安部交通管理局决定,结合
创建平安大道工作,针对公路机动车超载违章问题,用三个月的时间在全国范围内进
行强化宣传教育和管理。现将有关事项通知如下:

一、进一步提高对超载违章危害性的认识,增强整治超载违章的紧迫感

  超载违章尤其是严重超载,不仅扰乱了正常的道路交通秩序,引发交通事故,直
接威胁人民群众的生命财产安全,而且严重毁坏公路路面,缩短公路使用寿命,使国
家和集体蒙受巨大损失。大力整治超载问题,是维护国家、集体利益,保护人民群众
生命财产安全的要求,也是确保道路交通安全、畅通的要求。各级公安交通管理部门
要充分认识超载违章的危害性和治理超载问题的重要性,抓住创建平安大道活动的有
利契机,以对国家、对人民高度负责的态度,在党委、政府的领导和有关部门的配合
下,进一步加大对超载违章的管理力度,完善各项措施,为今后综合治理超载违章创
造条件。

二、精心组织,周密安排,注重宣传,严格管理,积极稳妥地开展整治工作。

  超载违章原因复杂,治理难度大,并且与一部分群众的切身利益有着密切的关系
。为了降低整治工作的难度,避免负面效应,保证整治工作的顺利进行,各地交管部
门要正确运用宣传教育和严格执法这两手,有步骤、讲策略地开展治理工作。为此,
治理工作从5月到7月,集中用三个月的时间,分两个阶段实施。

  第一阶段:5月1日——6月30日,为宣传教育阶段。主要做好以下工作:一是要
在深入调查的基础上,制定切实可行的工作方案。二是把宣传教育工作放在突出位置
并贯穿始终。5月份集中宣传违章超载的危害性和加强对超载违章管理的必要性,增
强群众特别是广大车主和驾驶员的交通安全意识、法制观念,提高有关单位和驾驶人
员拒绝超载的自觉性,为下一步工作的开展做好宣传发动和舆论准备。要组织民警深
入运输单位、运输户进行宣传动员,督促擅自改装车辆载重量的车主自行拆除改装,
恢复原状。三是要加强源头管理。车管部门要严格车辆改装审批制度,严禁车辆进行
下列变更、改装:
  1、车辆识别代号(车架号码)、发动机号码(更换发动机或车身、车架除外)
   以及车辆注册登记时的基本技术参数;
  2、车辆的外廓尺寸;
  3、载货车辆改栽客车辆,普通客车改卧铺客车;
  4、增加核定载客人数或载客质量;
  5、同时更换发动机和车身(车架);
  6、其他影响车辆安全性能的变更、改装。各地要严格按照《机动车注册登记规范
》(试行)的规定,结合机动车年度检验,对辖区大型客、货车改装情况进行普查。
重点对车主违反规定擅自变更、改装进行一次清理。对擅自改装的,一律纠正,督促
车主限期恢复原状。四是组织民警认真学习、熟悉处罚超载违章涉及的法律、法规和
规章等有关规定,为第二阶段的路面执法做好准备。

  第二阶段,7月1日至7月31日,为路检路查阶段。本阶段主要通过路检路查,对超
载违章进行严格管理。一是各地公安交通管理部门对驾驶超载车辆的驾驶员,严格依
照国家法律、法规规定进行处罚。在依法处罚的同时,还应严格按照《机动车驾驶员
交通违章记分办法》(公安部部长令第45号)的规定,对其违章行为给予相应的记分。
对严重超载(超载人数为核定栽人数20%以上,超载货物为核定载质量30%以上)的,
还应当责令驾驶员纠正。对路检路查中发现违反变更、改装规定的车辆,不作当场处理
,进行登记,通知车辆登记地公安交通管理部门责成车主改正,或在车辆检验时处理。
二是实行辖区责任制。各地要看好“自家”门。管住“自家”车,把住本地超载车辆出
门关。三是要加强省际间沟通协作。各省(区、市)交警总队要及时将本地查处外省(
区、市)严重超载车辆和非法变更、改装车辆的情况汇总通知相关省(区、市),同时
报我局。

三、主动向党委、政府汇报,争取社会各界的支持和配合。

  超载违章原因复杂、涉及面广,需要党委、政府的统一领导和有关部门的积极配合
和支持。各地要主动向当地党委和政府汇报,争取重视和支持。积极与交通、纠风等相
关部门联系,取得配合,协调行动。在党委、政府的统一领导下,齐心协力,综合治理
工作中遇到的问题。要通过形式多样、深入广泛的宣传、座谈和走访等活动,使社会各
界特别是运输企业、车主和驾驶员认识到,加强对超载违章行为的管理,是公安交通管
理部门依法履行职责,为经济建设服务、保障人民群众生命财产安全的具体措施,是创
建平安大道的重要内容。通过取得他们的理解、配合和支持,为维护稳定和此项工作的
顺利开展创造良好的社会环境。要认真接受社会各界的监督,主动向人大代表、政协委
员和新闻单位介绍情况,听取他们的意见和建议。

四、严格、公正、文明执法,把握政策界限,做好服务工作

  严格管理超载违章,就是要严格按照国家有关法律、法规、规章的要求,严格、公
正、文明执法。执行处罚时,适用法规正确,手续齐全。执法中,要使用规范文明用语
。同时,要严格掌握政策界限,防止发生侵害群众正当利益的行为。各级公安交通管理
部门要专门走访运输单位特别是大型运输企业,沟通情况,交换意见,及时解决问题。
对企业自身和公安交通管理部门难以解决的问题和困难,要积极向党委和政府汇报。无
论是加强源头管理还是加强路面执法,都要切实做好便民服务工作,完善便民利民措施
,以耐心说服教育和依法办事取信于民,避免激化矛盾,引发群体性事件。

五、加强信息报告,完善规章制度

  各地要加强对超载违章问题的调研分析,对实施管理中遇到的问题,尤其是形成超
载违章的一些深层次问题,应在深入调研分析的基础上,形成文字材料及时上报。对一
些行之有效的作法及时总结,形成规章制度。特别是要注意把综合治理的有效做法,报
请政府形成正常工作机制。这项工作结束后,请各地于8月15日前向我局写出专题总结
报告。

  接此通知后,请各地立即作出部署。

二000年四月十四日



人本法律教育观与中国大陆法律教育的改革

刘侨


康德认为,“人作为有理性的动物,其特征已经在他的手、手指和指尖的形态构造上,部分是在组织中,部分是在细致的感觉中表现出来了。大自然由此使他变得灵巧起来,这不是为了把握事物的一种方式,而是不确定地为了一切方式。” 而正是人的这种体现在人类学意义上的不确定性使得教育具有其存在的可能,即将人的某种不确定性通过教育而实现其确定的价值。当然,人也不是一个可以完全依据外在力量便必然地被塑造为某种必然的东西,其实际上是一个由内在能动性推动的趋向于无限多种可能发展的生命创造体。 而教育在内化为实现和扩张人的这种可能性的驱动力的同时,也就必然的以实现人的个性发展为其根本出发点,这也正是“以人为本”的主体性教育理念在当代教育领域内的核心反映。
需要进一步指出的是,人本是相对于神本、物本而言更为理性的社会发展之真理态度、价值取向和实践原则。渊源于西方的哲学范畴的人本主义思想无论从自然观、历史观、人生观或是价值观的角度均强调了人在自然及社会环境中的主体性地位以及追求实现自我价值的人文精神的重要性。 而以人本主义思想为法律教育体系之内核的一大体现则是人本法律教育观的形成,即在覆盖相关领域的多元法律教育体制下,以培养学生成为具有公正的价值评断能力以及专业与相关技能的复合型法律专业人才为宗旨,并给予学生充分的实现其人格培养及个体价值的机会的法律教育理念。其具体体现在以下方面:
首先,法律教育是法治社会中每一个人所享有的基本权利。依法治国必须以法治观念的普遍确立为前提,即要求每个人都做到忠信于法、信仰于法才能达到法律对社会最大程度的有效调控。然而,在这样一个理性环境下各种社会单元遵循法律规则的协调运作却是由全民、终身的法律教育贯穿始终的。法律教育的必要性却不尽然导致其绝对性,在人本主义思想指导下的法律教育应当以充分的尊重人权及满足教育消费者需求为前提,民主、平等的对受教育者的法律意识施加影响,以期对现实生活中的是非作出基本的评断。因此,人本法律教育观要求法律教育作为法治社会中人的一项基本权利而存在,人们可以通过主张这种权利来接受不同程度的法律教育,进而丰富其对权利之学的认知与理解。此外,当人的这种接受法律教育的权利受到非法侵犯时,也应当受到相应法律的严厉制裁。
其次,受教育者在法律教育过程中处于主体性地位。法律教育的直接对象应当是选择接受其教育的法学专业的学生,在整个教学过程中受教育者,同样作为直接受益方对于教师的知识技能传授方式、内容以及技巧等的反映与回馈是衡量该教育效果及水平的重要标准。因此,鉴于受教育者对于教育质量评价的决定性因素,其与教育者的关系应当体现为一种主体与主体的关系,而非客体与主体的关系,亦即“应当把每一个学生都当作具有他或她自己的感情的独特的人看待,而不是作为授予某些东西的物体。” 可见,在这种师生关系下的学生已摆脱了不加选择的接受知识灌输的被动地位,也不再固定的成为教师单方面施教的作用对象。他们被允许在一定范围内自主的选择符合自身兴趣的研究课题以及有利于本身知识架构良性发展的法学专业课程,甚至包括对该门课程授课教师的选择及理性的作出自我评价,也就是说,学生应当时刻持有对自己专业技能发展方向的理性考量及主动学习的意识和能力。此外,受教育者的主体性地位还体现在利于学生自我能力发展的教学环境的创造上。在各种教学仪器、设施的配备、教材的选用、课程的安排、教学积件的建立以及不同主题讲座的设置上都应当以有利于学生的专业学习为考虑中心。
第三,法律教育中教师对学生自我发展的促进作用。美国人本主义心理学的代表人罗杰斯从治疗精神病患者的经验出发,对教师提出了三项基本要求:第一,真诚。即教师与学生之间应当以诚相待,对学生在学习过程中所出现的任何问题教师应当坦诚的提出自己的意见,并对自己在教育方法上的缺陷及时的作出纠正或开展自我批评;第二,信任与尊重。教师应当合理的尊重、关注和接纳学生的情感、意见和价值观念,并在对以学生为主体性教育模式充分的认识下为学生提供自我发挥的自由空间以及帮助对其自身潜能的挖掘,从而与学生建立起一种相互的信赖关系;第三,移情。是指教师应当以学生的角度去理解学生的思想、情感以及世界观,以此在对学生的自我意识有了充分了解的基础上更加有效的达到其对学生学习的辅助和促进作用。除了上述教师对学生造成的心理气氛因素外,其自身的法学专业素质、理论研究水平,灵活多变的教育技巧和方式,科学合理的教学计划和课程内容安排以及参考教材、资料的选取等均应重在体现对学生自我发展的促进作用。正如人本主义教育家坎姆勃斯所言:“教师的任务不仅是规定、传统、模板、发号施令、欺哄,它也是管理存在的过程。这个角色要求教师是促进者、鼓励者、帮助者。”
第四,法律教育应当满足学生个体性发展的需要。人本法律教育观在强调法律教育中学生的主体性地位的同时,也同样注意到了学生间的个体性差异。这种差异主要表现在不同学生所具有的不同自我意识和价值追求,具体从法学专业学习的角度来看,则体现为各人对于专业知识的理解能力不同、学习方法不同、专业技能的掌握程度不同、兴趣方向不同以及对自身未来发展方向选择的不同等。而以人为本的法律教育以“因材施教”为指导方针,在把握学生的不同特点的前提下,合理的实施针对性差别教育则充分体现了其对学生个体能力发展的人文关怀。
第五,人本法律教育课程观注重人格与专业技能的整合。这是以罗杰斯所倡导的合成课程(confluent curriculum)为蓝本,即强调情感与认知的融通。就法学专业课程内容的设置上而言,应当在原有学理基础上的知觉、概念、推理、逻辑认识及实践能力等理性因素以外加入与专业相关的道德、情感、意志、直觉、灵感、需要和信念等非理性因素。这种人格化的课程设置模式突破了传统的以知识纯粹性和抽象性为中心的学科结构,在尊重学生人性需求的基础上,通过对其职业道德的培养、人格精神的塑造和正确价值观的调整以情感的互动性交流为平台有效的配合专业知识技能的学习和探究。
人本法律教育的科学性和先进性深刻的影响着当今世界大多数发达国家的法律教育体制,而中国特有的传统法律文化及法律科学的特殊地位则决定了人本法律教育在中国大陆崎岖不平的发展道路。经过长期的探索与实践,并结合相关历史经验及我国当前的法律教育现状,笔者认为以人本法律教育观为内核的中国大陆法律教育改革势在必行!具体内容包括如下方面:
首先,法律教育应当以促进学生个体发展,培养其多方面能力及专业素质,并最终完成学生价值的自我实现为宗旨。其次,法律教育的宏观模式应当是在通识教育的基础上进行精英人才的培训。在依法治国逐步确立的社会背景下,法律之学已不再专属于极少数专业精英,普遍加强全民的法治意识以及对法律权威的认知应成为各法律院校的重要任务。而具体到大陆的统一司法考试,则应当体现为通过标准的适当放宽及通过率的适度上调。第三,取消本科阶段法律教育的专业区分。本科法律教育本来是为了让学生获得将来从事多种法律职业都应当具备的知识和能力,因此,引导学生形成宽泛的法学知识结构,训练学生把法律问题放到开阔的社会环境和多元知识背景中去思考,才是法律教育的征途。 第四,扩展综合性知识,注意交叉学科知识的教育。如可将政治学、人类学、经济学、心理学、逻辑学、伦理学等课程在本科初期供学生选修,通过这些课程的学习有助于学生对以后法学专业课程的深入理解。另外,塑造多元化的教学氛围,使外国留学生、我国少数民族地区学生共同参与到本土学生的课堂上来,并在课堂上将各自对法律的理解与认识进行积极的探讨,这样也便于教师进行更为广泛的介绍与总结,此为其五。第六,加大应用性教学课程的比重,加强学生职业素质的培养。如法律语言学、证据法学、法庭审判程序介绍等,甚至可以单独列一门案例分析课。第七,与社会接轨,使学生走出校园,参与到社会实践中。如法律诊所课、法庭旁听、模拟法庭、以法学为主题的辩论赛;社区法律援助服务;法制日的宣传活动等教学方式,此外学生应当利用假期时间到司法机关、律师事务所等相关机构进行实习,或者以某一课题进行社会调查,并形成一项制度。第八,学校加强教学硬件设施的管理,使教学媒体配套化、完善化、先进化。第九,丰富教师的教学方法,尽量避免传统讲授式的教学模式,可以通过积件的建立来体现人本主义的教学理念。十,在一定条件下,为学生创造自由的学习空间,让学生根据自身发展的需要,有针对性的攫取学习材料,进行相应的学习研究。十一,鼓励学生自行成立法律研讨社团或创办专业期刊,促进学生研究学习的主动性和积极性。十二,加强对法律职业道德教育的重视。由于法律职业的特殊性,因此不能一概的以政治教育及道德教育来取代职业道德教育。在我国司法腐败屡禁不绝的现状下,职业道德教育应当被列为与专业知识教育同等重要的地位,它可以通过对学生的人格培养来指导学生执业后与社会接触过程中人际交往的原则和尺度,是人本法律教育中专业素质培养的重要部分。十四,教材的编写应当淡化对国家学说或政治学说的讨论和教学,要注重方法论的教育, 尊重学生对教材的自主选择权。最后,考试制度应进行严格的调整,建议以写论文的形式来取代记忆性的考试模式。
概而言之,人本法律教育改革应当在宏观和微观两个层面进行,总结历史经验,借鉴他国先进的教育理念并结合我国国情,在对以人为本的科学教育观充分认识的基础上,以此为法律教育改革的理论引导来完善我国现有教育体制的缺漏。这样,在以人本法律教育观统率下的中国法律教育改革的发展前景才能够与时俱进、历久弥新。


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